PC EXPANSION BUS SLOTS

Expansion BUS slots

It would be impossible or expensive to build a computer that fits every user application. To fix this, PC designers include standardized connectors that enable users to configure the system to their particular computing needs.

Most PCs use what is called EXPANSION BUS SLOT connectors to help connect various types of peripheral devices to the system. Interface adapter cards are plugged into these slots to connect the devices to the system’s address, data and control buses (these are the three basic channels of information contained in the adapter card used to carry out data transfer between the system and the peripheral device). This is a means through which the system board communicates with the various optional I/O and memory systems. The slots are located along the left rear portion of the system board so that the external devices they serve can access them through openings at the rear of the case.

The expansion slot supplies the power required to operate the adapter card circuitry. However, different expansion slot types employ different connection layouts, timing, speed requirements, and operating signal levels. Therefore, you should be aware that given adapter cards can only be used in slots they are designed for. So it is important to know which type of slot is available when dealing with adapter cards.

Note – A particular system board may contain only one type of slot, or mixture of the expansion slot types. The following expansion slot types are commonly found on Pentium-class system boards.

1.       PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) Slots – These 32/64-bit slot have been the most widely used expansion slots in the Pentium PC environment replacing the 16-bit ISA (Industry Standard Architecture). They conduct data transfers at rates between 132 and 528MBps.

2.       AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) Slot – This is a 32-bit derivative of the PCI bus. It was developed to provide interface for advanced VGA (Video Graphics Adapter). Data pass back and forth at rates of up to 2.1GBps

3.       AMR (Audio Modem Riser) Slot – This is developed to handle specialized modems and sound cards that interacts directly with the system.

4.       CNR (Communications and Networking Riser) Slot – This was developed to replace the AMR slot. It is designed to handle special communication and audio cards.

5.       PCI extended (PCI-X) Slots – These have a high performance version of the original PCI bus specification but maintained the same connectors. They employed advanced signaling techniques to provide performance levels of 266 and 533MHz and data transfer rates up to 2.1 and 4.3GBps.

6.       PCI express (PCIe) Slots – These have a collection of high-speed serial versions of the PCI bus standard. They possess slot specifications that are not compatible with other PCI devices. They push performance levels to 2.5GHz and data transfer rates to between 250MBps and 4GBps.

 

The least expected is the ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) slot also known as the Advanced Technology (AT) but you may still encounter this 16-bit slot. Unlike others, it is non-plug and play; it is a legacy slot on older Pentium system boards. It has served as a standard expansion slot specification for many years and through several generations of processors. The ISA slot ran at 8.33MHz and could transfer data at a whopping of 8MBps.

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INCREASING YOUR PC SPEED AND PERFORMANCE

How to increase your PC speed and Performance

Use a Registry Cleaner. This will free up resources and show you how to increase PC speed with a few clicks. This is one of the best answers to "how to speed up PC performance?" These easy point and click programs also defrag your hard drive and remove spyware. All that with the push of a button weekly will keep your computer running at its original PC speed specs. There are dozens of different registry cleaners’ software and registry cleaner tools available for use with the registry. Uniblue's Speed Up My PC is one of the easiest and best. I still recommend CCLEANER.

Defrag your hard drive over time. The data on your hard drive gets scattered. De-fragmenting your hard drive puts your data back into sequential order, making it easier for Windows to access it. As a result, the performance of your computer will improve. An excellent registry cleaner will show you how to speed up your PC using defrag techniques. Check out how to defrag your hard drive in one of our posts titled: Is there any other way I can make my PC run faster.

Scan for Adware/Spyware and Viruses. These nasty little worms can wreak havoc on your PC speed. Detecting and cleaning viruses is an excellent way to improve your system's performance and increase PC speed. Registry cleaners will help to remove these buggers also. Out of the abundance registry cleaner, I recommend Advanced System Care Program.

Adjust your computer’s Visual effects. Windows provides a number of resources hogging and interesting visual effects like animated windows and fading menus. These effects, however, can slow down your computer and kill your PC speed. By Altering your preferences and performance needs you can learn how to increase PC Speed in seconds. This is one of Microsoft's tips on how to increase PC speed and performance. Visit Adjust Visual Performance page for assistance. This can easily be done in minutes. An excellent registry cleaner can perform all but number 4.

Use a Window's Optimization Tool. Using a Windows Optimization tool can give you a big boost in the performance department. This takes the work out of your regular maintenance of organizing files, defragging your hard drive and other optimization task.

Manage Your Startups. By managing your Windows startup programs and services you can be free of vital CPU resources that can re-allocated your PC performance. This is a quick and easy tweak learn how to speed up PC CPU access time. I recommend CCLEANER to deactivate irrelevant programs that start up automatically.

Clean Windows Temp Files. Your Windows Temp files can swell to enormous sizes. This will eat up free space that could be allocated for applications you would like to use. I recommend CCLEANER for this action or type in %temp% or temp in the Open options in Run App to view temporary deleted files, you can select all and delete them permanently.

Cheers!!!

Written from AdeDanCompTech’s Desk

THE COMPUTER BOOT PROCESS

The BOOTING process

This is what we call starting up or turning on your computer. This takes several minutes as lots of things happen very quickly between the time you turn on and when the computer will be ready for use. All data and instructions are stored in the RAM while the computer is on even the OPERATING SYSTEM too.

The BOOT PROCESS is when the OPERATING SYSTEM is loaded into the RAM. See steps involved....

1.       Powering the CPU activates the BIOS (Basic Input / Output System)

2.       The BIOS checks that all attached devices are in place. This is referred to as POST (Power On Self-Test)

3.       The operating system is then loaded into the RAM

4.       Configuration and Customization settings are checked and loaded. In the process, beeping and lights illuminates on various devices....

 

Now I will discuss the BOOT PROCESS one after the other

1.      ACTIVATING BIOS - The CPU activates the BIOS, it is a program that manages the data between the Operating system and all the input and output devices attached to the system. BIOS is also responsible for loading the OS from its permanent location on the hard drive to the RAM. BIOS is stored on a special ROM chip on the mother board.

2.      PERFORMING THE POWER SELF TEST - First the BIOS ensures that essential peripheral devices are attached and operational. This is a process called POST. The POST consists of a test on the video card and video memory, a BIOS identification process (the BIOS version, manufacturer and data are displayed on the monitor), and a memory test to ensure memory chips are working properly. The BIOS compares the results of the POST with the various hardware configurations that are permanently stored in CMOS. CMOS is a special kind of memory that uses almost no power. A little battery provides enough power so its contents will not be lost after the computer is turned off. CMOS contains information about the system's memory, types of disk drives, and other essential input and output hardware components. If the results of the POST compare favourably to the hardware configurations stored on CMOS, the BOOT PROCESS continues.................

3.      LOADING THE OPERATING SYSTEM - Next, BIOS looks through the storage disks for the system files (the main files of the operating system). It then loads the OS from its permanent storage location on the hard drive to the RAM. Once the system files are loaded into the RAM, the KERNEL (supervisor program) is loaded. The KERNEL is the essential component of the OS that is responsible for managing the processor and all other components of the computer system. The KERNEL stays in the RAM when the computer is powered on and it is called memory resident. Other system files that are less important stays on the hard drive and are copied to RAM when needed. They are called non-resident. Once the KERNEL is loaded, the operating system takes over the control of the computer.

4.      CHECKING FURTHER CONFIGURATIONS AND CUSTOMIZATIONS - Although the CMOS checks the configuration of memory and essential peripherals at the beginning of the boot process, the operating system continues to check the configuration of other system components in this last stage of the boot process. The registry contains all the different configurations used by the OS as well as by other applications. It contains the customized settings you put into place, such as mouse speed, the display settings for your monitor and desktop as well as instructions as to what programs should be loaded first.

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KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS FOR PAINT.NET

paint.NET KEYBOARD SHORTCUTs

Table of Contents:

1.            File Operations

2.            Clipboard

3.            Selection

4.            Displays

5.            Image Size & Rotation

6.            Layers

7.            Effects & Adjustments

8.            Windows & TDI

File Operations

Ctrl + N	New Document
Ctrl + O	Load Image
Ctrl + W	Close Image
Ctrl + Shift + S	Save Image As
Ctrl + S	Save Image
Ctrl + P	Print Image

I hope you enjoy the material as it provides users with fast, easy and reliable access to PCs, smartphones and tablets with no internet connection. Just download and use as desired.

To download the full article in PDF version, Click Here.....

We have the following Application Keyboard Shortcuts:

* Microsoft Office Word Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete version

* Microsoft Office Excel Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete version

* Microsoft Office Access Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete version

* Microsoft Office Word Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete version

* Microsoft Office Outlook Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete version

* Evernote Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete

* Paint.net Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete

* Photoshop Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete

* FL Studio Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete

* Skype Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete

You can also place an order for your favourite application keyboard shortcuts.

The keyboard shortcuts work with any version of the applications.....

KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS FOR MICROSOFT OFFICE EXCEL

MICROSOFT OFFICE Excel KEYBOARD SHORTCUTs

Table of Contents:

1.            Navigate Worksheets

2.            Select Cells

3.            Juggle Rows, Columns, and Cells

4.            Edit Cell Content

5.            Duplicate Cells, Rows, and Columns

6.            Undo, Redo, and Repeat Action

7.            Cut, Copy, Paste, and Paste Special

8.            Format Cells

9.            Find and Replace

10.         Formulas

11.         Manage Workbooks

12.         Manage Worksheet Tabs

13.         Freeze, Split, and Hide

14.         Auto Filter

15.         Column Width and Row Height

16.         Navigate Multi-Cell Selections

17.         Comments and Hyperlinks

18.         Pivot Tables

19.         Excel Auto Tables and Data Forms

20.         Group Rows and Columns

21.         Other Shortcuts

22.         MS Excel MOS Certification

Navigate Worksheets

Arrow Keys	Navigate by one cell at a time in any direction
Page Down / Page Up	Move one screen down / up
Alt + Page Down / Page Up	Move one screen right / left
Tab / Shift + Tab	Move one cell to the right / to the left in a worksheet
Ctrl + Arrow Keys	Move to the edge of next data region (cells that contains data)
Home	Move to the beginning of row
Ctrl + Home	Move to the beginning of worksheet
Ctrl + End	Move to the last cell with content of worksheet
Ctrl + G	Display the Go To dialog box
Ctrl + G then type e.g. A50	Go to line 50, Column A
Ctrl + G then type e.g. G1	Go to column G, Line 1

To download the full article in PDF version, Click Here.....

We have the following Application Keyboard Shortcuts:

* Microsoft Office Word Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete version

* Microsoft Office Excel Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete version

* Microsoft Office Access Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete version

* Microsoft Office Word Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete version

* Microsoft Office Outlook Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete version

* Evernote Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete

* Paint.net Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete

* Photoshop Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete

* FL Studio Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete

* Skype Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete

You can also place an order for your favourite application keyboard shortcuts.

The keyboard shortcuts work with any version of the applications.....

KEYBOARD SHORCUTS FOR MICROSOFT OFFICE ACCESS

MICROSOFT OFFICE ACCESS KEYBOARD SHORTCUTs

Table of Contents:

1. Manage Databases
2. Manage Access Features
3. Working with Text and Data
4. Working with Access Views
5. Other Shortcuts  

Manage Databases

Ctrl + N	Open /create new database
Ctrl + O	Open existing database
Alt + F4	Quit / exit Access
Ctrl + P	Print the current or selected object
Ctrl + S	Save a database object (or Shift + F12)
F12	Open the Save As dialog box

Manage Access Features

Find and Replace

Ctrl + F	Find and replace dialog box
Ctrl + H	(Find and) Replace dialog box
Shift + F4	Find next
Alt + Ctrl + F	Go to the Navigation Pane search box from anywhere in the database

To download the full article in PDF version, Click Here.....

We have the following Application Keyboard Shortcuts:

* Microsoft Office Word Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete version

* Microsoft Office Excel Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete version

* Microsoft Office Access Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete version

* Microsoft Office Word Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete version

* Microsoft Office Outlook Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete version

* Evernote Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete

* Paint.net Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete

* Photoshop Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete

* FL Studio Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete

* Skype Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete

You can also place an order for your favourite application keyboard shortcuts.

The keyboard shortcuts work with any version of the applications.....

KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS FOR MICROSOFT OFFICE WORD

MICROSOFT OFFICE word KEYBOARD SHORTCUTs

Table of Contents:

1.            Manage Word Documents and View

2.            Navigate in Word Documents

3.            Select Text, Move, and Delete Text

4.            Undo, Copy and Paste

5.            Insert Special Characters, Text Elements, and Breaks

6.            Format Text and Paragraph

7.            Format Paragraphs and Apply Styles

8.            Search and Replace

9.            Ribbons and Navigation Pane

10.         Tables

11.         Outline View

12.         Review Documents

13.         Print Documents

14.         Enter Special Fields

15.         Mail Merge

16.         Other Shortcuts

Manage Word Documents and View

Ctrl + N	Create new document
Ctrl + O	Open document
Ctrl + W	Close document
Ctrl + S	Save document
F12	Save document as
Ctrl + P	Print document/ print preview
Ctrl + F6	Switch between multiple Word documents
Alt, then F, R	Open Recent (file, recent)
Alt + Ctrl + P	Switch to Print Layout view
Alt + Ctrl + O	Switch to Outline view
Alt + Ctrl + N	Switch to Draft view (used to be normal view)
Ctrl + scroll mouse	Zoom in and zoom out
Alt then W, Q	Open Zoom Menu (no native shortcut exists for zoom in/ zoom out)
Alt + Ctrl + S	Split the document window

Navigate in Word Documents

Arrow Left / Arrow Right	Jump one character to the left / to the right
Ctrl + Arrow Left / Ctrl + Arrow Right	Jump one word to the left / to the right
End / Home	Jump to the end of a line / beginning of a line
Arrow Down / Arrow Up	Jump one line down / one-line down

To download the full article in PDF version, Click Here.....

We have the following Application Keyboard Shortcuts:

* Microsoft Office Word Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete version

* Microsoft Office Excel Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete version

* Microsoft Office Access Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete version

* Microsoft Office Word Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete version

* Microsoft Office Outlook Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete version

* Evernote Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete

* Paint.net Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete

* Photoshop Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete

* FL Studio Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete

* Skype Keyboard Shortcuts – Complete

You can also place an order for your favourite application keyboard shortcuts.

The keyboard shortcuts work with any version of the applications.....