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Tuesday 18 October 2016

DIFFERENT GENERATIONS OF MOBILE PHONES AND INTERNET SPEED

GENERATIONS OF MOBILE PHONES AND INTERNET SPEED (1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, LTE, LTE Advanced, 5G)
1G 
This is the first generation of wireless telephone technology (mobile telecommunications) launched in Japan by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone in 1979. The radio signals used by 1G networks are analog telecommunication standards and later replaced by 2G digital telecommunications. 1G is only modulated to higher frequency, typically 150 MHz and up.

2G 
This is the second-generation wireless telephone technology commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland by Radiolinja in 1991. Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their predecessors were that phone conversations were digitally encrypted; 2G systems were significantly more efficient on the spectrum allowing for far greater mobile phone penetration levels; and 2G introduced data services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages. 2G technologies enabled the various mobile phone networks to provide the services such as text messages, picture messages, and MMS (multimedia messages). All text messages sent over 2G are digitally encrypted, allowing for the transfer of data in such a way that only the intended receiver can receive and read it.
2G has been superseded by newer technologies such as 2.5G (GPRS), 2.75G (EDGE), 3G, and 4G; however, 2G networks are still used in most parts of the world.
2G Data Transmission Capacity with General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is maximum transfer speed of 50 kbit/s.

3G
This is the third generation of wireless mobile telecommunications technology based on a set of standards used for mobile devices, mobile telecommunications use services and networks that comply with the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specifications by the International Telecommunication Union. 3G network was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1998, branded as FOMA. It was first available in May 2001 as a pre-release (test) of W-CDMA technology. 3G finds application in wireless voice telephony, mobile Internet access, fixed wireless Internet access, video calls and mobile TV.
3G telecommunication networks support services that provide an information transfer rate of at least 200 kbit/s. Later 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s to smartphones and mobile modems in laptop computers.
The 3G networks has the following standards:
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service) system, first offered in 2001, standardized by 3GPP with WCDMA, HSPA and HSPA+ formats.
CDMA2000 system, first offered in 2002, standardized by
3GPP2, then later EVDO.
3G downlink data speeds defined by telecom service providers vary depending on the underlying technology deployed; up to 384kbit/s for WCDMA, up to 7.2Mbit/sec for HSPA and a theoretical maximum of 21.6 Mbit/s for HSPA+

4G
This is the fourth generation of wireless mobile telecommunications technology, succeeding 3G. A 4G system must provide capabilities defined by ITU in IMT Advanced. Potential and current applications include amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, 3D television.
There are two 4G systems commercially deployed which are the Mobile WiMAX standard (first used in South Korea in 2007) and the first-release Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard (in Oslo, Norway, and Stockholm, Sweden since 2009). It has, however, been debated whether these first-release versions should be considered 4G. The International Telecommunications Union-Radio Communication Sector  (ITU-R) 4G standards, named the International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced (IMT-Advanced) specification, setting peak speed requirements for 4G service at 100 megabits per second (Mbit/s) for high mobility communication (such as from trains and cars) and 1 gigabit per second (Gbit/s) for low mobility communication (such as pedestrians and stationary users) in March 2008. Since the first-release versions of Mobile WiMAX and LTE support much less than 1 Gbit/s peak bit rate, they are not fully IMT-Advanced compliant, but are often branded 4G by service providers. On December 6, 2010, ITU-R recognized that these two technologies, as well as other beyond-3G technologies that do not fulfill the IMT-Advanced requirements, could nevertheless be considered "4G", provided they represent forerunners to IMT-Advanced compliant versions and "a substantial level of improvement in performance and capabilities with respect to the initial third generation systems now deployed". Later, Mobile WiMAX Release 2 (also known as WirelessMAN-Advanced or IEEE 802.16m') and LTE Advanced (LTE-A) were released and are IMT-Advanced compliant.

LTE
LTE meaning Long-Term Evolution is a standard for high-speed wireless communication for mobile phones and data terminals. It is based on the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA network technologies, increasing the capacity and speed using a different radio interface together with core network improvements. The standard is developed by the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) and is specified in its Release 8 document series, with minor enhancements described in Release 9. LTE is the upgrade same for carriers with both GSM/UMTS networks and CDMA2000 networks. The different LTE frequencies and bands used in different countries will mean that only multi-band phones will be able to use LTE in all countries where it is supported.
LTE is commonly marketed as 4G LTE, but it does not meet the technical criteria of a 4G wireless service, as specified in the 3GPP Release 8 and 9 document series, which later led to LTE Advanced.

LTE Advanced 
LTE Advanced is a mobile communication standard and a major enhancement of the Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard. It was formally submitted as a candidate 4G system to ITU-T in late 2009 as meeting the requirements of the IMT-Advanced standard, and was standardized by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) in March 2011 as 3GPP Release 10.

5G
5G or 5th Generation mobile netwotks denotes the proposed next major phase of mobile telecommunications standards beyond the current 4G/IMT-Advanced standards. Rather than faster peak Internet connection speeds, 5G planning aims at higher capacity than current 4G, allowing higher number of mobile broadband users per area unit, and allowing consumption of higher or unlimited data quantities in gigabyte per month and user. This would make it feasible for a large portion of the population to consume high-quality streaming media many hours per day in their mobile devices, also when out of reach of wifi hotspots. 5G research and development also aims at improved support of machine to machinecommunication, also known as theInternet of things, aiming at lower cost, lower battery consumption and lower latency than 4G equipment.
There is currently no standard for 5G deployments. The Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance defines the following requirements that a 5G standard should fulfill:
* Data rates of tens of megabits per second for tens of thousands of users 1 Gb per second simultaneously to many workers on the same office floor
* Several hundreds of thousands of simultaneous connections for massivewireless sensor network
* Spectral efficiency significantly enhanced compared to 4G
* Coverage improved
* Signalling efficiency enhanced
* Latency reduced significantly compared to LTE.
The Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance feels that 5G should be rolled out by 2020 to meet business and consumer demands. In addition to providing simply faster speeds, they predict that 5G networks also will need to meet new use cases, such as the Internet of Things (internet connected devices) as well as broadcast-like services and lifeline communication in times of natural disaster. Carriers, chipmakers, OEMS and OSATs, such as Advanced Semiconductor Engineering (ASE), have been gearing up for this next-generation (5G) wireless standard, as mobile systems and base stations will require new and faster application processors, basebands and RF devices.
Although updated standards that define capabilities beyond those defined in the current 4G standards are under consideration, those new capabilities have been grouped under the current ITU-T 4G standards. The U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approved the spectrum for 5G, including the 28 Gigahertz, 37 GHz and 39 GHz bands, on July 14, 2016.

Sunday 28 August 2016

COMMON PROBLEMS WITH COMPUTERS AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS

THE MOST COMMON PROBLEMS WITH PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC) WITH POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
1.       Malicious Software (a.k.a. Malware) – This includes viruses, spyware, adware, Trojan horses, worms, rootkits and any other piece of software designed to harm you or your computer without your consent. These could be gotten through browsing the internet, email attachments, computer networks (the collection of two or more computers to exchange files), infected disk etc.

SOLUTION: Install an updated antivirus, enable your windows firewall or install a third party firewall with good antispyware protection and run the program time to time to detect and eliminate any found virus. Make sure you update your antivirus program and definition as required to patch up known holes.


2.       Slow Computer – Your computer has a limited amount of storage space, processing speed and RAM memory. The more programs, documents, and toolbars you have, the slower your computer becomes. A computer can also be slow if infected with viruses.
*        Application programs have great effect on your PC resources and performance, especially the applications that starts up with the Operating System (antivirus, Bluetooth, messenger etc.). This seems necessary as one cannot do with them but most users have 8 or more relevant and irrelevant applications running at the same time. These applications are usually found at the lower right corner of your computer screen to the left of your system clock. You have to wait longer for windows to start as all these applications are loaded next to your clock.
*        Documents like files, music, pictures etc. don’t cause much problems as they don’t run automatically but eat up storage space and mess up the hard drive.
How do they mess up the hard drive?
The hard drive is always spinning when the computer is on. Files are written (saved) on the surface of the hard drive in no particular order. The files are saved in sectors, which mean there are gaps between the information. That is why it takes longer for your computer to find your files and folders, especially after a few months of saving new files on the hard disk. This is called FRAGMENTATION.

SOLUTION: Make sure your PC is of good CPU family and speed specs such as 1.60GHz – 4.00GHz and RAM specs such as 1gb – 8gb pending your pocket and reason. Defragment your hard disk using “Disk Defragmenter.” (This is one of your system utility tools.) Make sure you don’t use up your hard disk space for your computer to run correctly. Stop all irrelevant programs from starting up automatically and remove unwanted files from your hard disk. To do this, I recommend CCLEANER. Get rid of unneeded icons on your desktop, install a firewall, install antivirus and Anti spyware tools, schedule regular registry scans.


3.       Internet or Network Connectivity Issues – One day you are connected but the next day you can't connect. Nothing has changed and you can't figure out what to do. A computer network is backed-up with many internet protocols and devices; if any of the protocols or devices stops responding then you will have a network problem. The problems can be with a device, cables, network components, software problems or invalid IP Addresses.

SOLUTION: Make sure that the modem or router is connected to the powered on and connected to your computer. You can also reset the network by turning off the computer and the network device, later turn them on and try to connect. Make sure the necessary drivers are installed for your network adapter. Check if an application is blocking the connectivity of the computer. Disable the firewall just to be sure you are not prevented from connecting to the internet or your network. If the problem persists, check your modem or router and network settings. If not, call for an expert.


4.       Dust and Cigarette Smoke – Computers generate static electrical charges that attract dust and cigarette smoke when present in the environment. This enters your computer through the several fans installed to cool down the system. The fans pull air which may have been polluted with dust and smoke from outside to cool down the system, this makes the computer becomes hotter and eventually cause problems to the hardware.

SOLUTION: Since air is present everywhere, always use dust cover to protect the computer from dust and smoke. Close all uncovered expansion slot openings. Always clean the computer surface and inside with a soft brush.


5.       Hard Drive Failure – If you start hearing loud sounds that you were not hearing before, be scared because those sounds could be coming from your hard drive. A hard drive could stop working for many different reasons but generally they crash due to mechanical failure, electrical surge, a violent shake, or even a virus.

SOLUTION: This can happen to anyone at any time, so it is necessary you have a backup of all your important information on other storage devices. Run CHKDSK utility within the windows to fix minor problems like bad sectors.


6.       Dead Power Supply – When you press the power button and your computer gives no sign of life, and all the lights are absent, then the most likely cause is a power supply failure. This could be that the power supply is being overloaded, bad power cord, basic voltages needed by the power supply are missing, the system board has a defective capacitor, or overheating caused by dust or smoke.

SOLUTION: First, check the power cord. Confirm that it is good working condition and connected to a working outlet. Check the position of the on/off switch and the 110/220 switch. Make sure it points at 220v. If the voltages are missing from the power supply, replace it.


7.       Missing CD / DVD Drive – If your CD/DVD drive disappeared is not recognized by other applications, or just won't play or access your CDs or DVDs. According to Microsoft, this can happen when you upgrade the operating system, install a new application such a recording program or when you uninstall the Microsoft Digital Image.

Solution: Visit the Microsoft Support Website and run the Fix It utility based on your version of Windows. If it a hardware problem, check the data cable connecting your drive to the motherboard and make sure the power supply is OK. You can also call for an expert to ensure you have the correct device driver for the drive installed.


8.       No Sound from Speakers – It may be that the sound driver was not installed or bad sound card. Some system board doesn’t come with the audio port which has no option than to use sound card.

Solution: Check the back of the computer. Some computers may have sound card. You will need to plug the single stereo speaker plug into the socket on the sound card usually marked Audio Out. If found on the system board, make sure the correct sound driver is installed. If no sound card or on-board sound output, go for USB sound card – this converts USB connection to Audio port.


9.       Computer Seems to Start Up as Normal but Nothing Appears on Screen – It may be that the monitor power cord is bad or the monitor power button being turned off. It can also happen when the VGA (Video Graphics Adapter) card on the system board is bad or loose. The VGA cord can also cause this problem. If all is well with the monitor and cords, then it may be incompatible display adapter driver installed.

SOLUTION: Unplug all the cables and replace them carefully. Check your VGA card on the system board if any. If problem persists call for an expert as it may be that the CPU refuse to send signal resulting from bad contact of the main memory or bad driver installed.


10.     Fuzzy Image on Monitor – Monitors are sensitive to electro magnetic interference. They interfere with other electromagnetic devices if near. This can cause the display unstable or blur, even add different colours to your screen.

SOLUTION: Ensure that your speakers are not too close to the monitor and that there is no other source of interference, especially from TVs, radios, microwaves, dishwashers and washing machines. Mobile phones are frequently the cause of this problem.


11.     Modem Error Message Says, "No Dial Tone" – Sometimes when you try to get access to the internet all you get is NDT. This problem is always external to the computer; it can be a modem or dial up settings or cable problem.

SOLUTION: Do not attempt to change any COM port or other modem settings. Not all modem cables are the same. Always use the one supplied with your modem. The telephone cable from your wall socket should go into the modem socket marked Line In. Consider that the telephone socket is faulty. It could also be a faulty telephone extension line (just because it works on a phone doesn't necessarily mean it will work on a modem - and don't ask me why), or some other external factor. We repeat: Please do not change any of the modem settings. "No- Dial Tone" is always an external problem.


12.     Modem Cuts Off Frequently – Modems cannot handle the beep on BT's call waiting facility.

SOLUTION: If you have call waiting on your line you will need to disable it before using the modem.


13.     Colour on Screen is Limited to 16 Colours – The default setting for Windows is 16 colours.
NOTE: You can only get 256 or more colours if you have installed the video drivers correctly. See device drivers on our previous post.


14.     The Computer is Unable to Turn On – The computer does not turn on when you press the power button.

SOLUTION: Check if the computer is plugged in to an AC outlet properly. Plug another electrical device into the outlet to be sure that the outlet is providing adequate power. Check your power cord; ensure that it is in good condition. If problem persists, then you have just fired your power pack.


15.     Trouble with Video Card – The power light of the computer and monitor is on and nothing comes up on the screen when you start your computer then there must be something wrong with video card.

SOLUTION: Call for an expert or change its VGA card with a new one. But make sure your computer shows the sign of start up before condemning your VGA card.


16.     Operating System or Some Software is Functioning Abnormally – The Operating System (OS) or some other software is unresponsive or responds abnormally.

SOLUTION: Restart your computer and run a virus scan. For this purpose you should have a reliable antivirus software or a software that can help you check your PC performance installed on the computer to fix this issue. If problem persists, then you should back up your files and reload your operating system and programs. In the process, make sure you remove any previous operating system on the hard disk.


17.     Windows Do Not Boot Properly – You turn on your computer and it restarts immediately or it shows a blue screen telling you a recent hardware change have caused your computer to shut down.

SOLUTION: Reinstall windows with the windows recovery disk. Most of the times, this should help you get rid of the problem of OS or software malfunctioning. Better still, format your hard disk to correct bad head sectors and reload the OS.


18.     The Computer is On but Not Responding – You turned on your computer and it stops responding to software or keyboard commands, then it must be frozen or halted.

SOLUTION: Press and hold the power button for at least 5 seconds, it will be turn off. Now restart your computer. This should fix things up. Or on the keyboard, press CTRL + ALT + Del keys to activate the Task Manager then restart your computer or end the non-responsive program and restart it.


19.     An External Device is Not Working – You plugged in an external device and it refuse to work or it works sometimes and fail most times.

SOLUTION: Turn it on according to the Manufacturers instruction; be sure that all device connections are secure and receiving electrical power and compatible with the operating system. Make sure that the correct drivers are installed and updated.


20.     Slow Working Internet – While browsing you have temp file, cookies, and cache being filled up which makes the internet works very slow. This can also slow down your computer performance.

SOLUTION: To increase your browser performance, you must frequently clear cookies and internet temporary files. In the Windows Run Command – type “%temp%” and hit enter to open the temporary files folder. You can use Ctrl + A to select all of them and then press Delete. Please note that some of the files may not get deleted if they are being used by the OS; but that is fine.




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THINGS TO CONSIDER AND HOW TO GET A GOOD TABLET PHONE

Things to consider when buying tablet phones
Smaller than a notebook or almost the same size but bigger than a smartphone, a tablet is compact enough to carry around. And with mobile connectivity, tablet computers combine performance and portability. Learn about iPad, Android and Windows tablets, plus more.  

What is A Tablet?
*        A tablet is a wireless, portable computer operated via a virtual keyboard integrated into the touch-screen, rather than an actual physical one built-in (you can connect a keyboard via a wireless link or USB)
*        Compact and light enough to take almost anywhere, many tablets feature up to 10 hours of battery life. It's a great mix of computing power and portability
*        Throw in Wi-Fi or, in some cases, 3G technology which is run on a SIM card and a tablet offers entertainment on the go and music at the palm of your hand

OPERATING SYSTEM
An "Operating System" (OS) is the program that runs your computer's software and hardware, giving your device its on-screen look and feel. Different operating systems have their own unique features, tablets generally follow the same basic user interface design irrespective of the OS used — that is, a series of 'home screens', similar to computer desktops, with shortcut icons.

In the case of tablets on the market today, there are three main operating systems:
1.       Android is an operating system created by Google
*        Allows hardware enthusiasts to create additional buttons, including keyboards, and have different form factors with screens of various sizes.
*      The software progressive framework has been engineered to deal with a hardware eco-system that is diverse and always evolving.
*     The Developed-In-Nigeria range of Bamboo Tablets run on the Android platform.

2.       Windows based tablets allow users to run on an operating system that many are familiar with on their laptops
*       It includes touch-optimized desktop versions of the new Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint and OneNote. 
*      Owners of Windows tablets and other Windows 8, 8.1 and 10 PCs can sign in with their Microsoft account across different devices and view the same settings and preferences. 
*     It is important to note that Windows based tablets may not have the same functionality as Windows 8 or Windows 8 Pro or more.

3.       Apple iOS is the operating system used in the iPad, as well as iPhone and iPod Touch. The biggest advantages of iOS are:
*        Its user-friendliness.
*        Smooth integration with other Apple products.
*        Over 500,000 apps available through App Store. 
iOS looks good and works well, but you can't customize it. In addition many Adobe Flash content will not play on iOS. 

What Can A Tablet Be Used For?
Portable, practical and permanently connected, a tablet has so many benefits you can enjoy just about anywhere:
*     Work and play: Check emails, connect to social media sites like Facebook and Twitter, watch YouTube and video streaming, play your favourite music and the latest games.
*        Apps: Hundreds of thousands of applications let you download games, music, news, business tools and more. 
*        E-Reader: Like a mobile library at your fingertips, you can download and store your favourite books, magazines or newspapers and read them on the go.
*        GPS: Some tablets offer satellite navigation with the latest maps, street-by-street directions and up-to-the-minute traffic conditions. 

What to consider
1.       Advanced Camera Integration
*     Most tablets have two built-in cameras: a front-facing one for video-calling using Skype or FaceTime (Apple), plus a rear-facing camera for photos and video.
*     The ability to play augmented reality games, translate text and get notifications via camera flash are just a few of the advancements we’ve seen in the past few years.
*    Your tablets camera also doubles as a handy video camera, in fact most newer devices can even record in high definition.

2.       Size, Screen and Storage
The size of the tablet you choose will depend on just how portable you need it to be. Its physical dimensions are important the longer you use your tablet and carry it around. Second-generation Android tablets in particular are thinner and lighter than ever before.
*        Most tablets are approximately 1cm in thickness, weigh less than 1kg (some as little as 400gm) and come in screen sizes from 7-inches to 12-inches.
*        Multi-touchscreens can detect more than one finger at a time for two-fingered scrolling, pinch zooming, two-finger tapping and swipe-style gestures.
Tip! If you're planning to take your tablet outdoors, choose a less reflective screen for use in sunlight.

3.       How much storage you need. (Depends on what you use your tablet for)
*        If you intend to just surf the web, collate photos and music, and other basic tasks, a 16GB hard drive should do the trick.
*        On the other hand, if you'll be storing lots of large applications, high definition video and other media, more memory will be required.
*        As an approximate guide, a two-hour HD film uses about 3.5GB, whereas 12 music albums use about 1.5GB. Most tablets also come with a memory card slot, useful for transferring files and additional storage space.
*        The better-spec tablets have a battery life of 10 hours or more. 
Tip! If you find yourself short on battery, turn the screen brightness down and, if convenient, switch off any wireless connections like Wi-Fi, 3G and Bluetooth.

4.       The Importance of Apps
In order to gain the best experience from your tablet, you will need to invest in a few          apps.
*        The Apple App Store has been designed specifically to offer a large selection, and includes every popular app you can think of.
*        Google Play is similar to Apple in regards to ease of use. Including anything from Excel, TV shows, magazines, and games to GPS navigation, the clarity and efficiency of apps are of a high quality.
*        Microsoft’s Windows RT/8 app store is designed for the professional in mind. Whilst social networking sites are accessible, it is not a main feature.
*        The Surface Pro is a little pricier; however it allows users to run full-fledged Windows 8 desktop apps.

5.       What is the Connection?
WiFi and 3G are both wireless methods of connecting to the internet on the go:
*        All tablets support Wi-Fi, so you can link to the internet — minus the tangle of cables — when within range of a wireless network at home, cafés, work, school, and so on.
*        Some tablets are 3G-enabled, so with a special SIM card in your tablet you can connect to the internet anywhere you get a 3G signal via a mobile internet network.
*        Upload music, images and other documents by connecting additional devices (like iPods, digital cameras and the like) to your tablet via USB cables.
*        Bluetooth technology is commonly used for connecting peripherals in place of a wired USB connection. Tablets also feature HDMI ports, so you can watch videos stored on your tablet with high quality pictures and sounds through your flat-screen digital TV.  
*        Another way to get your tablet online is to use your 3G or 4G phone as a Wi-Fi hotspot for your tablet. Simply type in the details from your phone and secure the connection.
Tip! This might drain your phone battery, so have a charger nearby.
Tip! Not all phones and tablets are compatible, so check with your network carrier that this feature is available.




Edited by: AdeDanCompTech

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AMD AND INTEL PROCESSORS

Comparison, differences between AMD and Intel Processors
When determining which Processors are better or which processors will satisfy my needs or which processors will be OK for my activities. It is important to determine and consider what you are looking for out of a processor. The features to help you decide which processor is best for you are as follows:

1.       CPU Architecture and Silicon design – AMD with increased number of cores in their chips has a negative impact on heat dissipation. AMD, in its focus on increasing the number of cores in its chips, push as many cores as possible into a single processing unit which makes it tend to run hotter causing discomfort to the cooling solutions. While cooling an Intel processor is a straightforward process as it draws less heat. Intel’s hyperthreading is another added advantage to its design. (This keeps existing cores active rather than letting any of them remain unproductive)

2.       Performances and Processing speed – In some cases, AMD processors can do what Intel processors can’t do such as CPU Overclocking. Most Intel processors are locked in at a fixed clocking speed while many AMD processors can be overclocked. (Overclocking means they can be made to run faster than their programmed speed). Though AMD provides more cores with amazing processor speed better than Intel. AMD processors seem to be faster but not durable like Intel’s. On the higher range, Intel processors shine outright having the highest performances even with locked clocking speed.

3.       Cost and money value – AMD processors tend to be more affordable than Intel processors. You can confirm this in the prices of processors, Motherboards, even Laptops. (An Intel based laptop PC is more expensive than an AMD based laptop PC). Whether AMD or Intel processors, both are cost-effective processors as they give you what you want but Intel gives more value to your money.  

4.       Power conservation – Intel processors seems to be power conservative than AMD’s. Due to AMD’s architecture, it consumes more power than usual which makes it a power hug. Though not noticeable on desktop PCs but will impact the battery life on laptop PCs. AMD desktop tends to produce more noise and heat. Intel laptop PCs battery will last longer after a charge than AMD’s.

5.       Graphics performance and Gaming – For students, gamers, individuals who needs PCs for usual computing; AMD Processors are great choices as they are powerful and fast enough. AMD processors can be overclocked for increased speed and are of vibrant and high quality graphics (AMD’s Radeon) better than Intel HD Graphics. They are available in multi-core setups for multithreaded performance making them more flexible than Intel processors. Nonetheless, Intel processors which give value to your money gives you lightning speed, incredible capabilities and beautiful graphics.

Note – If you are thinking of the best way to spend your money, then Intel is the best choice for you as it satisfies all questions and is generally superior. But if your budget is low or on a budget then you should seek out AMD. Remember, there are situations where AMD makes sense too like addition of more cores, overclocking and high quality HD graphics.



Cheers!!!
Proudly AdeDanCompTech


CPU AS A MICROPROCESSOR

CPU as MICROPROCESSOR
Central Processing Unit (CPU) is a microscopic circuitry that serves as the main information processor in a computer or computer device. It is the heart of the computer and responsible for the processing of data into information. A CPU is generally a single microprocessor made from a wafer of semiconducting material, usually silicon, with millions of electrical components on its surface. On a higher level, the CPU is actually a number of interconnected processing units that are each responsible for one aspect of the CPU’s function. Standard CPUs contain processing units that interpret and implement software instructions, perform calculations and comparisons, make logical decisions (determining if a statement is true or false based on the rules of Boolean algebra), temporarily store information for use by another of the CPU’s processing units, keep track of the current step in the execution of the program, and allow the CPU to communicate with the rest of the computer.

The C.P.U is divided into three components. These are:
1.       Control Unit – This is like a power house to the CPU. It is the control section which times regulates all elements of the computer system. It also translates patterns in the registers into computer activities such as instructions to add, move or compare data. The control unit reads and interprets the program instructions, transforming them into control signals that activate other parts of the computer. The CU is the unit or section which controls, plans, coordinates, manages the activities and functions of the computer system.

2.      ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) – The ALU performs arithmetic operations (such as addition and subtraction) and logic operations (such as testing a value to see if it is true or false).logic operations involve Boolean logic such as AND, OR, XOR and NOT. They are useful for creating complicated conditional statements and processing Boolean Logic.

3.     Main Memory – This can be viewed as a list of cells into which numbers can be placed or read. Each cell has a number “address” and can store a single number. The memory cell is set up to store binary numbers in groups of eight bits (byte). A computer writes and read data to and from the memory cell which is also known as registers (A register is used to quickly accept, store and transfer data and instructions that are being used immediately by the CPU). The main memory is the primary memory inside a PC. It is where data and information are stored temporarily on the computer while it is on. The main memory is responsible for the booting or starting up of the computer and the running of programs.

Functions of the CPU
1.      A CPU is similar to a calculator as it performs all calculating and manipulating functions of the computer system.
2.       The CPU is to perform arithmetic and logical operations on data taken from memory or on information entered through some device, such as a keyboard, scanner, or joystick.
3.       The CPU is controlled by a list of software instructions, called a computer program. It reads, decodes and executes program instructions.

The C.P.U comes in different variety of shapes, speed, sizes. C.P.U generates a lot of heat and thus requires a cooling fan and heat sink in order to run cool.

The most common C.P.Us in the market today are:
1.       Intel
2.       AMD - Advanced Micro Devices
3.       Cytrix and IDT (outdated)


There have been different C.P.U manufacturers of hundreds of models of C.P.Us. Some are 8088, 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, K5, K6, 686, Pentium II or III or IV, Celeron, AMD Athlon, AMD Turion, AMD Vision, AMD Fusion, Intel core duo, quad, i3, i5 and i7 etc.
Through competition some of the manufacturers make the exact model. For instance, you could get an AMD 486 or an Intel 486. Both are different in work areas although some models function similarly, such as the Intel Pentium and AMD K6.

The C.P.U also range in speed, this is referred to as CLOCK SPEED and it is measured in Megahertz (MHz) or Gigahertz (GHz).

So, what is your C.P.U make, model, speed, memory capacity etc? This is what makes up your system.  
You can check yours now to know the fate of your computer.



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Check out for the List of INTEL and AMD microprocessor


You need to enable Secure Boot to install Windows 11 — here’s how.

You need to enable Secure Boot to install Windows 11 — here’s how. Windows 11 requires Secure Boot to run, and here are the steps to che...